Privatizing the Public Sphere Essay -- Industrialization Fragmentation

Privatizing the Public Sphere The privatization and fragmentation of space in post-industrial urban the States is a widespread social problem. As society becomes even more globalized as a result of technological advances, the rampant spread of a privatized exoteric realm is ever-increasing. Public space is needed as a center in which to bring people together to share a common place. It is inside earthly concern spaces that unexclusive life unfolds and without worldly concern spaces such as parks, streets, and buildings, the mixing of classes will become increasingly uncommon. Society is made up of two sectors the closed-door and commonplace, and it is essential that both remain separate entities. However, through the use of fear tactics especi tot each(prenominal)yy the threat of violent crimes, privatized settings are spreading throughout the populace sphere. In this analysis, it is my intent to explore the various tactics being used to impede upon the public sphere. In doing so, I will explore the causal factors that lead to the increased privatization of urban public life. Historically, the metropolis was an all-encompassing entity. At the dawn of industrialization, large masses of people flocked to the city in hopes of a better frugal life for themselves and their families. It was indoors the city limits, particularly closest to the areas of commerce and exchange that people took up residence, worked, and pursued various social activities. The city served the needs of all its citizens. However, as industrialization moved further along, there was a major shift in urban economics. While numerous businesses flourished, so did wealth and as this increased, society faced an evolving class system. Three notable classes emerged the lower/working class, the middle class, and the upper/elite class. While these class divisions grew, a large enumerate of money was being invested in the creation of public venues. Public institutions were designe d to bring education, culture, and in many ways, a sense of community to modern city life. A public park or library was a place that people of various classes could come together and share space. However, by the end of the 20th century and into the Twenty-First, true public space is becoming almost extinct, as is the middle class. Privatized public space has become the new trend across many the Statesn cities. There are many interrelated factors that contribut... ...for the poor into the public realm. The decline of a middle class is affecting the structure of society because cities and public venues were once designed to serve the middle class. However, without such a class, cities are now being designed to service an elite class and it is this class that has the originator and control over public life. With the widening division between classes, services to the non-elite members of society will continue to diminish. The importance of public space and life is an meani ng(a) aspect of any given society. Without such spaces, society will continue to be dived among class lines. When a certain group of people hold indicant and its all about force-out and control, there will always be those that are excluded and denied access to the public sphere. As long as conceptional and irrational fears are instilled into the mystic lives of the public, society will continue to build fortress around its buildings and to use surveillance cameras outside the doors. Public space is a right to all citizens and due to fear of the unknown it is diminishing right before our eyes. In this day and age, to be an American means to always be under the watchful eye of another. Privatizing the Public Sphere Essay -- Industrialization Fragmentation Privatizing the Public Sphere The privatization and fragmentation of space in post-industrial urban America is a widespread social problem. As society becomes even more globalized as a result of technological advances, the rampant spread of a privatized public realm is ever-increasing. Public space is needed as a center in which to bring people together to share a common place. It is within public spaces that public life unfolds and without public spaces such as parks, streets, and buildings, the mixing of classes will become increasingly uncommon. Society is made up of two sectors the private and public, and it is essential that both remain separate entities. However, through the use of fear tactics especially the threat of violent crimes, privatized settings are spreading throughout the public sphere. In this analysis, it is my intent to explore the various tactics being used to impede upon the public sphere. In doing so, I will explore the causal factors that conduce to the increased privatization of urban public life. Historically, the city was an all-encompassing entity. At the dawn of industrialization, large masses of people flocked to the city in hopes of a better economic life for themselves and their families. It was within the city limits, particularly closest to the areas of commerce and exchange that people took up residence, worked, and pursued various social activities. The city served the needs of all its citizens. However, as industrialization moved further along, there was a major shift in urban economics. While many businesses flourished, so did wealth and as this increased, society faced an evolving class system. Three notable classes emerged the lower/working class, the middle class, and the upper/elite class. While these class divisions grew, a large criterion of money was being invested in the creation of public venues. Public institutions were designed to bring education, culture, and in many ways, a sense of community to modern city life. A public park or library was a place that people of various classes could come together and share space. However, by the end of the ordinal century and into the Twenty-First, true public space is b ecoming almost extinct, as is the middle class. Privatized public space has become the new trend across many American cities. There are many interrelated factors that contribut... ...for the poor into the public realm. The decline of a middle class is affecting the structure of society because cities and public venues were once designed to serve the middle class. However, without such a class, cities are now being designed to service an elite class and it is this class that has the big businessman and control over public life. With the widening division between classes, services to the non-elite members of society will continue to diminish. The importance of public space and life is an serious aspect of any given society. Without such spaces, society will continue to be dived among class lines. When a certain group of people hold power and its all about power and control, there will always be those that are excluded and denied access to the public sphere. As long as com plex quantity and irrational fears are instilled into the private lives of the public, society will continue to build fortress around its buildings and to use surveillance cameras outside the doors. Public space is a right to all citizens and due to fear of the unknown it is diminishing right before our eyes. In this day and age, to be an American means to always be under the watchful eye of another.

Crack and the Box Essay -- Literary Analysis, Pete Hamill

One is Crack and the Other is the BoxAlmost a century has passed since twain revolutionaries have been innate(p) to change the world video and drugs. It is clear that both drugs and television do their way to society at the same time, but it doesnt seem that obvious what is that made them escalate in concert. Some studious people consecrate that it may have to do with the presence of drugs in the media, but it remains a mystery. In Crack and the Box by Pete Hamill, thither is an plan to explain the reasons to this phenomenon. Hamill accuses television to be the instigator of drugs. However, his statements fall into contradiction because the effects of television watching cannot be compared to those of drug consumption.Primarily, the domination superpower television has on its viewers is incomparable to the one drugs have over their addicts. First, addicts to television are not dominated in the same level addicts to drugs are. Hamill says that television absorbs its viewers in the same way drugs absorb their users because both television and drugs cultivate asocial behaviors in people (63, 64). Departing from this idea, it may seem reasonable to say that addicts to television and drugs both portrait unsocial attitudes, but doesnt this happen with any other kind addiction? Here Hamill is isolating a generalization which intention is to proclaim an assumption to be true. In his example, Hamill explains how some Americans fight their loneliness by leaving their TV sets on as companion (63). Instead of take for Hamills idea this example shows how Americans fulfill their vacancy of company rather than how Americans become lonely due to television. Second, independent studies on television do not cast away to determine the relation betwe... ...orld by drinking a certain brand of beer (Hamill 64)--very surreal. In the case of drugs, the dealer provides to the customer the substance that will actually induct him feel he has conquered the worldthis is more co nnected to reality.In general, the effects of television and drugs cannot be compared as equivalents nevertheless, their study is worth of consideration. They are still two mysteries to be solved why people spend so many hours in front of a TV set instead of doing something proactive and why people seeks refuge in drugs. We may not know all of the answers but we know all the of questions. While we walk towards the light hoping to find the answers to these mysteries, there are still many things to be done. In the meanwhile, one thing must remain in our minds we will still face many obstacles together as society, with or without television and drugs.

Essays --

In this paper I will be discussing the topic of if being a attracter is natural or if a Leader can be made. If wind instrumenters can be taught, there are several ideas that have to be done. First there would have to be leading teachers, or people who have some sort of knowledge of leading and can teach this to others. Second, person would need to want to learn and believe that leadership education can help them become a leader. In my opinion I believe a leader is born and is someone who just has the instincts to lead others or take charge of a situation. I believe that there are classes that can help people become more secure in interacting with others and working in certain situations that can help them manage, But when the going gets tough I think that someone that has just been taught certain traits will not be able to handle the heat. A Leader in my opinion just has the instincts to adapt to all situations and deal with it the best way possible.Some ideas that someone can b ecome or be taught how to be a leader are that you just need the proper teachers or strategy, for example the U...

Ecommerce Industry Analysis :: essays research papers

Industry Analysis On-Line higher(prenominal) cultivation IndustryTodays industries of Higher Education atomic number 18 witnessing a burgeoning interest in the use of the Internet. The rise of the Internet, by information technologies and business application, represents a large base of potential customers for e-commerce activities. Generally, it tin can be said that e-commerce is a highly significant way of conducting business. For that very reason, a widespread of universities and colleges actively exploit opportunities created by the growth of e-commerce by initiating on line courses and degrees to accommodate this demand. This industry analysis will capture the principal effects that e-commerce, i.e. on line courses, may have, as compared to those of conventional Higher Education Industries, as well as explore the barriers and opportunities that may face each. These issues are examined using market research, newspaper articles, and annual industry reports. Higher Education Fi rms are undertaking growing numbers of e-commerce initiatives and increasingly go on-line incentives required to participate in the growing online market. A range of on-line incentives includes expedited degrees, decreased tuition fees and minimal face-to-face time with instructors. However, to realize these gains of on-line courses and the associated incentives requires fundamental Internet knowledge and a high degree of competency with on-line universities in offering adequate resources. Higher Education institutions are producers of information concentrated products, and may face a raft of challenges when instilling these new competencies. The Gartner Group estimates that firms creating e-commerce sites spend $1 million in the first five months, and $20 million for a place in cyberspace that sets them apart from the competition. These costs are projected to add at a rate of over 25% per year over the next two years. An examination of the annual reports of Online Higher Educatio n companies reflects the magnitude of these costs. randomness Universitys annual report for 2003 reveals that the firm spent $152 million on advertisement, equipment, and software, amounting to 9% of their annual revenues for the year. This figure for Capella.edu is $34 million (16% of revenue). Once these investments are in place, the costs of entry into virtual universities mainly include considerable marketing expenses. Activities such as the placement of banner ads in portal sites are $12 million (12% of revenue). Transaction and organizational costs affect every facts of lifeal institution. The potential of Virtual Universities to reduce these costs is most important, because the cost affect the consumers.Comparisons to campus education also create economic challenges to online institutions.

The Relationship Between Secure Attachment and Indirect Aggression Essa

IntroductionChildren, in their early childhood, rely on their appurtenance relationships for feelings of security. Securely habituated children become well adapt at verbalising their needs. For example, a 4-year-old child may say Please read me a story before you go, communicating their fear of been left alone. This increased ability to verbalise their wants and needs continue well on into later childhood and adolescence (Hutchision, 2013). According to Bolby (1973), warm and secure attachment experiences promote beliefs that others have good intentions however persons who grow with insensitive attachment figures may have bouts of dysfunctional behaviour. Armsden (1986) also believed that secure persons in an intrapersonal domain hunt down to have more positive, integrated and coherent views of their selves than do insecure persons.There has been a great deal of speculation about how maternal attachment affects every(prenominal) subsequent patters of social behaviour and it is e ssential that we bring to bear on these speculations all the data we have available (Caldwell, Bettye, Ricciuti, 1973). Although interpersonal attributions and their relationship have been explored extensively (Dodge & Fane, 1982 Gramhan, Hudly & Williams, 1992 Quiggle etal, 1992), the role of such awareness as a link between parent/adolescent attachment and adulterant aggressive behaviour has not been examined systematically (as cited in Simons, Paternite, & Shore, 2001, p. 185).Statistics show (NICHD, 2004) that children following high development trajectories for aggression are more likely to evolve from lower income families, where mothers tend to be less educated and parents are less sensitive and responsive. These parents may often be overwhelmed by a child... ...l Psychology, 78, 350-365.Graham, S., Hudley, C., & Williams, E. (1992). Attributional and emotional determinants of aggression among African-American and Latino young adolescent. maturement Psychology. 28, 731-74 0.Hutchision, E.D., & Hutchision, E. D. (2013). Essentials of human behaviour Integrating the life course, person, and environment. Thousand Oaks CA SAGE. Kevin J. Simons, Carl E. Paternite, Cecilia Shore. (2001). Quality of Parent/Adolescent Attachment and Aggression in Young Adolescents .Miami University (Ohio). Journal.Patterson, Barbara, and Nancy Meadows. The successful woman sharpening your skills for personal and professional development. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hall, 1982. Print.Quiggle, N. L., Garber, J., Panak, W. F., & Dodge, K. A. (1992). Social information processing in aggressive and depressed children. Child Developm

The Relationship Between Secure Attachment and Indirect Aggression Essa

IntroductionChildren, in their early childhood, rely on their attachment relationships for feelings of security. Securely attached children become well adapt at verbalising their needs. For example, a 4-year-old child may say Please read me a story before you go, communicating their fear of been left alone. This increased ability to emit their wants and needs continue well on into later childhood and adolescence (Hutchision, 2013). According to Bolby (1973), warm and secure attachment experiences promote beliefs that others have good intentions however persons who give rise with insensitive attachment figures may have bouts of dysfunctional behaviour. Armsden (1986) also believed that secure persons in an intrapersonal domain tend to have more positive, integrated and coherent views of their selves than do insecure persons.There has been a great deal of speculation about how maternal attachment affects all subsequent patters of social behaviour and it is essential that we set ash ore to bear on these speculations all the data we have available (Caldwell, Bettye, Ricciuti, 1973). Although interpersonal attributions and their relationship have been explored extensively (Dodge & Fane, 1982 Gramhan, Hudly & Williams, 1992 Quiggle etal, 1992), the role of such awareness as a link between parent/adolescent attachment and adulterant aggressive behaviour has not been examined systematically (as cited in Simons, Paternite, & Shore, 2001, p. 185).Statistics show (NICHD, 2004) that children following high phylogenesis trajectories for aggression are more likely to evolve from lower income families, where mothers tend to be less educated and parents are less sensitive and responsive. These parents may practically be overwhelmed by a child... ...l Psychology, 78, 350-365.Graham, S., Hudley, C., & Williams, E. (1992). Attributional and emotional determinants of aggression among African-American and Latino young adolescent. Development Psychology. 28, 731-740.Hutchision , E.D., & Hutchision, E. D. (2013). Essentials of human behaviour Integrating the life course, person, and environment. molarity Oaks CA SAGE. Kevin J. Simons, Carl E. Paternite, Cecilia Shore. (2001). Quality of Parent/Adolescent Attachment and Aggression in Young Adolescents .Miami University (Ohio). Journal.Patterson, Barbara, and Nancy Meadows. The successful woman sharpening your skills for personal and professional development. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hall, 1982. Print.Quiggle, N. L., Garber, J., Panak, W. F., & Dodge, K. A. (1992). Social information affect in aggressive and depressed children. Child Developm

Are Cultures Diminished or Enhanced Through the Process of Globalization?

Are cultures diminished or enhanced finished the process of world(prenominal)ization? An essay by Jaclyn Macdonald- 389686 Globalization offers opportunities exactly presents problems. Connectivity amid cultures is developing at an exponential rate. This has ramifications for individual cultures. Increased interaction, principally through new media and greater planetary mobility creates opportunities to enhance cultures simply it carries with it the risk of ethnical wearing as external influences may overwhelm attitudes, beliefs and values.Globalization is defined as a process in which worldwide stinting, political, cultural and companionable relations become increasingly connected across time and space (Thompson, 1995, 149). Globalization is not a modern phenomenon and has its precedents in the empires of Spain, France and Britain among others. The progressive development of economic and political ties of these colonial powers took decades or centuries to come to realization .The rapidity of this process has been greatly accelerated by the technological and chat developments of recent decades that hit facilitated a dramatic increase in world-wide economic, political, cultural and social integration. Consequently, the world has become increasingly interdependent in the areas of travel, communications, trading and finances, all of which contribute towards frequent cultural interactions and greater mobility of people. Globalization brings about a rapidly developing and ever increasing density of the network of interconnections and interdependencies that featureize present-day social life. Globalization lies at the heart of modern culture culture practices lie at the heart of globalization. This is the reciprocal relationship (Tomlinson, 1999). Globalization alone does not determine the shape and character of culture nor is culture the only influence on globalization. Edward Tyler defined culture as that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society (Thompson, 1991). The growing of echnology, primarily new social media, has created opportunities for individuals to choose to embrace or dismiss the aspects of the cultures they are exposed to. Additionally, they can associate the risk of losing parts of their own cultures to a wave of foreign influences. One of the most widespread theories of cultural globalization is the idea that the world is becoming more uni mould and standardized, through a technological, commercial and cultural synchronization emanating from the West (Lange, Meier, 2009, 56).Theorists who support cultural homogenization insist that the spread of globalization has lead to an erosion of cultures and traditions. This view infers globalization to be a euphemism for western cultural imperialism, proposing ethnocentricity will eventually eradicate individual cultures. Identity is commonly deemed fundamental to valet re gard Identity is peoples source of meaning and experience (Castells, 1997 6). The ethnocentric view does not recognize that globalization invariably causes individual culture as David Morley comments, migrants moved from a world in which . . identity was not a central concern, to one in which they were pressed . . . to adopt a particular form of individuality (Rantanen, 2005). Manuel Castells writes Our world and our lives are being shaped by the conflicting trends of globalization and identity. Opposing homogenization theories, Castells explores the widespread surge of powerful expressions of incorporated identity that challenge globalization . . . on behalf of cultural singularity and peoples control over their lives and environment (Castells, 1997 2).While homogenization theorists suggest that a global culture will dominate all others, Castells proposes that the need for identity drives cultures to remain individual and as such, globalization thus proliferates cultural identitie s rather than diminishing them. Global homogenization has an impact on culture by directly affecting the production and use of commodities, social relationships, and the dominance of religion in societies. Homogenization does not affect how people relate to each other and how they find meaning and purpose in life. It leaves largely untouched the freedom and agency of the subjects in the creating and ever-changing culture, both as individual and as groups (Friedman, 1994). Increasing global mobility has produced a fear of the deterioration of cultures however, people are not merely objects of cultural influences but rather, subjects able to consciously discard or assimilate culture. This choice to embrace culture is now augmented.Integrating cultures can contribute to increasing nationalism due to the human need for sense of be and identity, Hall writes when the era of nation-states in globalization begins to decline, one can see a regress to a very defensive attitude and highly dan gerous from of national identity which is driven by a very aggressive form of racism (Rantanen, 2005 97). Nationalism has thrived to accomplish this sense of belonging throughout history and though national identity may not be everlasting it remains today despite increased global mobility.National identities no longer rely on physical location due to media facilitation as people have gained the ability to communicate and access information to connect to their nation. planetary students at the University of Melbourne encounter this threat to their national identities. They are submerged in a new location for three years or more with cultures incongruent to that of their homeland. They are faced with the diversity of cosmopolitan Melbourne and the culture of the university itself. Isolated from their native culture, international students would easily become overwhelmed by the life bearing of their new surroundings.However, through communication programs like Skype, Facebook, and Twi tter they are able to stay in closer contact and with greater ease than students in previous times. People of individual cultures course relate to others who share their culture and this bond is fastly apparent when viewing the social relationships on the Melbourne University campus. Students of similar backgrounds, ethnicities and speech communications can often group together on the university campus, insulating themselves from other cultures.Some groups speak in their primary language in order to distinguish themselves from others and of course to communicate more effectively. The difficulty inherent in this is that language can be divisive as well as inclusive. It can be a deterrent to other students initiating a conversation if they feel excluded. heathen interaction in tutorials is less divided than in the open and unsupervised areas of campus. Though friendships are often formed amidst those of similar cultures, the interactive style of learning typically deems social gro ups irrelevant.Students necessarily have to communicate more in tutorials with other people. Australias tertiary institutions have an important role to bit in the shaping of young peoples identities and in the development of active citizenship in an increasingly multicultural and globalized society (Mansouri, Lobo, 2011). Multicultural tertiary campuses can offer umpteen a(prenominal) advantages for their students by facilitating greater social understanding of cultural differences and similarities. Creating a educational environment which nurtures and manages cultural diversity effectively is not an easy task. This management depends on the professional management and governance of teaching and learning activities, which suspends students to develop their full potential (Grobler et al. 2006). Increasing numbers of international students have brought about a take of insecurity driven by the belief that common values are being eroded because they are distanced from their native lifestyles. The concept, termed deterritorialization, explains the way in which events outside of our immediate localities, action(s) at a distance are increasingly consequential for our experience.Students with migrant backgrounds, who were born in Australia or have lived here for many years, may have issues with their hybrid identity mediating between two cultures, that of their parents and that of mainstream Australian society (Butcher, 2004 215-216). Specifically, it is argued that people worldwide now develop a bicultural identity, which distracts from their local heritage. When students leave their home country to study in Australia, they are breaking the physical connection to their local heritage. Modern culture is less determined by location because location is increasingly penetrated by distance (Giddens, 1991).Before the advances of communication technologies, people were only aware of their physical surroundings, which limited their reception of information and cultura l influences. Places provide an anchor of shared experiences between people and continuity over time It enables people to define themselves and to share experiences with others and form themselves into communities (Bennett, 1998, 103). Global mobility has increased through the process of globalization, which breaks the physical bond between cultural groups.Modern technology works to reconnect people through communication rather than place. In conditions of modernity, place becomes increasingly phantasmagoric that is to say, locales are thoroughly penetrated and shaped in terms of social influences quite distant from them. (Giddens, 1990 18-19). The customary method of social interaction has in many cultures progressed into global online communication rather than traditional face-to-face interaction. The change in interaction method has produced new social relationships. The decreased need for place in communication is evolutionary in culture.People are no longer determined by their physical surroundings as technology provides them with a choice of the information they receive. When we communicate through telephone, radio, or computer, we are physically no longer determined by where and who we are socially (Meyrowitz, 1985 115). The processes of globalization has evolved concurrently with media technologies, causing telecommunications to be described as the central nervous arrangement of the very process of globalization (Castells 1996, Mansell 1994). Media is vital for providing cultural and symbolic resources worldwide, contributing to its success.Barker has observed, globalization has increased the range of sources and resources available for the construction of identity (Barker, 1997). According to many theorists, the sense of place has been fundamentally changed by the arrival of media and communications. Our world is becoming senseless to many because, for the first time in modern history, we are comparatively without place we are part of a global world . (Meyrowitz, 1985). What many theorists of place have failed to acknowledge is the increasing connectivity, not only between global places, but also within places.Audiences naturally gravitate towards programming choices that appear most relevant or proximate to their own context and thus allow them to seek the pleasure of recognition of their own culture (Straubhaar, 1991) or ultimately people like to see something close to their lives (Hong, 1998). The process of globalization creates many benefits for enhancing cultures. The evolution of technology, has most significantly, created opportunities for individuals to view culture as a preference rather than compulsory.People are now able to make an informed decision about their adoption of culture through increased information access, the combination of economic, technical, social and cultural resources held by media organizations had meant that quantatively and qualitively the media have established a decisive and fundamental lead ership in the cultural sphere (Hall, 1977, p. 341). Many external influences threaten to diminish cultural individuality however it is the evolutionary influence of globalization, which has allowed culture to be an individuals choice, which truly enhances culture. References Appadurai, Arjun. Modernity at large cultural dimensions of globalization. Minneapolis, Minn. University of Minnesota Press, 1996. ? Barker, James, Bernard William Tenenbaum, and Fiona Woolf. Governance and regulation of power pools and system operators an international comparison. Washington, D. C. World Bank, 1997. ? Bennett, David. Multicultural states rethinking difference and identity. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge, 1998. ? Castells, Manuel. The rise of the network society. Malden, Mass. Blackwell Publishers, 1996. ? Castells, Manuel. The power of identity. Malden, Mass. Blackwell, 1997. ? Coppens, Peter. Ideal man in classical sociology the views of Comte, Durkheim, Pareto, and Weber . University Park Pennsylvania State University Press, 1976. ? Durkheim, Emile, and George E. G. Catlin. The rules of sociological method. London Royal National establish for the Blind, 1976. Print. ? Flew, Terry. Understanding global media. Basingstoke England Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. ? Friedman, Jonathan. Cultural identity and global process. London Sage Publications, 1994. ? Giddens, Anthony. Chapter 2. The consequences of modernity.Stanford, Calif. Stanford University Press, 1990. 18-19. ? Giddens, Anthony. Modernity and self-identity self and society in the late modern age. Stanford, Calif. Stanford University Press, 1991. ? Hall, Alex. Scandal, sensation, and social commonwealth the SPD press and Wilhelmine Germany 1890-1914. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1977. ? Hall, Stuart. Modernity and its futures. Cambridge Polity Press in association with the Open University, 1992. ? Hall, Stuart. Modernity and its futures. Cambridge Polity Press in associa tion with the Open University, 1992. ? Hong, Junhao. The internationalization of television in China the evolution of ideology, society, and media since the reform. Westport, Conn. Praeger, 1998. Lange, Hellmuth, and Lars Meier. The new middle classes globalizing lifestyles, consumerism and environmental concern. Dordrecht Springer, 2009. ? Mansell, Robin E.. The Management of information and communication technologies emerging patterns of control. London Aslib, 1994. ? Mansouri, Fethi. Migration, citizenship, and intercultural relations looking through the lens of social inclusion.Farnham, Surrey Ashgate, 2011. ? Meyrowitz, Joshua. No sense of place the impact of electronic media on social behavior. New York Oxford University Press, 1985. Rantanen, Terhi. The media and globalization. London SAGE, 2005. ? Straubhaar, Thomas, and Klaus F. Zimmermann. Towards a European migration policy. Munchen Volkswirtschaftliche Fakultat der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, 199 1. Thompson, J. B. The Media and Modernity. Cambridge Polity. 1995. ? Tomlinson, John. Globalization and culture. clams University of Chicago Press, 1999.

How Can an Individual’s Sense of Identity be Communicated Through Their Choice of Music?

In todays society individuality can be expressed in many contrastive ways. The use of physical adornments such as clothes and makeup are the first things that spring to mind when discussing ways and methods of identification. However, with the mass media having such a broad influence on the young spate of today, it is becoming very well to teach ones identity through the music they enjoy listening to. This essay seeks to determine how an individual identity can be clearly communicated through choices of music.To a certain extent, music has had an interesting effect on the way individuals express their genius of identity. The 1960s Mods and Rockers are a good example of this. Two different types of community existing in the same society, who were easily distinguished to the type of clothes they wore and their social activities- it could be argued that this has certain relevance to tastes in music. The Mods were, of course, happy to settle for the newly released music of the ti me. Whereas the Rockers werent satisfied with the new renditions and so preferred to bunk with classic rock music. This eventuated in the two groups leading wholly different ways of life, and the appearances and attitudes of both groups became a likeness of the particular identities which are recognizable in society today.Today, there is a greater variety of music available to the mass public, and this has inevitably resulted in many different identities being formed. The 1980s trance purview along with the new input of R n B and Hip Hop (Black rap style music) has influenced a number of new music acts to recreate versions of the biggest hits. This has helped in creating a new identity that many nightclubs cater for. What is known as the Kev, Townie or Shaz has been formed These short names are used to describe people of a certain identity. Usually people of these youth subgroups are fans of hard dance music which they listen to on a regular basis on their personal CD players in p ublic places and are also well known for their up to date flashy mobile phones, sports clothing and tacky jewellery, as well as the occasional baseball cap. There is a rather large congregation of Kevs/Townies on Saturday nights when they drive their flashy cars around the town centre.Moshers, Goths, Metallers or Grungers all form another subgroup which relies almost completely on music taste which is quite the opposite to the group discussed in the stand firm paragraph. Grungers are people who usually prefer to listen to music such as Nirvana and Red Hot Chili Peppers, and just generally most forms of rock and admixture music. Their sense of dress is relatively easy to identify, as a certain identity has been created by the huge mass of youngsters turning to the Grunger image in the last few years. The hoodie has become a highly symbolic item of clothing, which many of the group members will wear when congregating. This can be teamed with baggy jeans and trousers, multiple pierc ings, dye hair, visible tattoos and other common objects such as various bracelets and jewellery, although hardly ever gold or silver.The two groups previously discussed are the two huge societies in which the members behaviour is almost completely influenced by popular music. As it is possible to see from the descriptions above, an individuals sense of identity can be relatively easy to configure when using popular music as the determining factor. Due to this, increasing amounts of youth subgroups are being formed purely by melodic taste.

Alcoholism: A Major Problem in Russia

Alcoholism is one of the jumper cable social causes of mortality rate in the institution today. It has been and will always be ranked among the favorite indulgence of people globally. For ages, authoritiess, health organizations and other(a) social groups inhabit to find ways to rebound if not to end the abuse of drenching drinking. Alcoholism has claimed millions of lives among different nationalities. Due to its wide stretch out acceptance as a social norm, people treat inebriantism as a cleave of daily rtabooine. Although different measures argon currently existence implemented, many appease deny the emergence of drenching beverages as detrimental to human health.The incidence of soaker beverage abuse is alarming. Global statistics show an increase of downpours among teenagers and young adults. With this kind of trend, social experts presume a mortality rate higher among the younger generation than the sometime(a) population. While concern is everywhere, it is s ad to note that responsibility has a hard time to flourish inside the very foundation of an individuals livelihood. Pargonnts and teachers coffin nail do more to drive away the deadly influence of alcohol from their children and families.With the way alcohol-related incidents argon emerging nowadays, keeping this social problem in equalise takes a larger part of the globe to cooperate. being rampant, inebriety is a worldwide problem that is being faced by well-nigh countries throughout the corners of the earth. Governments be getting involved like neer before in controlling the social inhi bition which is gaining entry into peoples lives uninvited. With alcoholism besieging every corner of the society, the internationalist community is taking a second look. Patronizing alcoholic drinks project deadly repercussions.The high death rate among nationalities of all ages is egregious evidence. Alcohol-related offenses and incidents will continue to haunt globally unless precaut ionary measures argon set in place at once. THE RUSSIAN CRISIS Among the countries suffering the ill-effects of alcoholism is Russia. Studies indicate that in Russia at least 30 percent of men and 15 percent of women are addicted to alcohol (Alcoholism in Russia, 2002). Originally a leading nation in the former Soviet Union, Russia has snagged the prime position in alcohol consumption.The world-known vodka spearheads the popularity of Russians on the global stage. unless vodka is solely a tiny bit of statistic about the real waves which is alarming Russia today. The communist state is in deep hole. Unless its government starts thinking about countermeasures to engineer the internal complication, alcoholism will be in Russia to stay for a very long, long time. The cases have dominated vernals reports and Cabinet meetings, fueling debate about a malaise that has helped glower Russias fair life expectancy rate to 66, 14 years shorter than the European Union average (Nicholson, 200 6).Analysts and observers have long been concerned about the Russians delight for alcoholic beverages but it is only as of late did it able to catch media frenzy. The occurrence of deaths among young Russians has increased. For many, celebrations in the former Tsarist nation have gone out of proportion. The government is thinking about alternatives that will limit its citizens fondness for alcoholic beverages. However, instead of soporricting Russians from feasting on alcoholic drinks, the plaza turns even more complicate than has been initially perceived.It is unfortunate that everybody is watching an entire nation drink itself to death. Nations and societies around the world are concerned about savage cases caused by alcoholism on such a small account. But it is interest to note that Russia continue to survive despite being hounded by alcoholism on a massive scale of related incidents. Everyday, it is customary for a young citizen in this awkward to walk the streets with a bo ttleful in founder. Drunks are a common sight in this once-Stalinist community. Men and women, it doesnt really matter which citizen gets a taste of that famous vodka and beer.One of the most striking changes in Russian cities in recent years is certainly the habit teenagers of both sexes have developed of roaming the streets with a bottle of beer as a fashion helper (Warren, 2001). Age is never a question among Russian drinkers. Individuals as young as thirteen years of age experience a new-found freedom with the death-causing bottle. sousing ACCOUNTS Many people believe that the famous American recovery program Alcoholics Anonymous should have arrived in Russia earlier to break the alcohol addiction.The government only allowed AA to be implemented in the mid-80s. Although it has been instrumental in controlling alcoholism in various Russian areas, the problem is still very much prevalent. But experts say that the real cause of body politics alcoholic inhibition is its history. Liquor especially the famous vodka is very much a Russian tradition. Since the Crusades, alcoholic drinks present a celebratory lifestyle in Russia. Numerous drawing cards since Lenin call for a total elimination of liquor. But countless times, alcoholic drinks continue to thrive until today.Even during the modern times in the 90s prior to the collapse of the Soviet Empire, the famous Mikhail Gorbachev want to ban the presence of alcohol from the mainstream of the society to no avail. It is an interesting fact that after the Soviet Union crumbles, Boris Yeltsin, who replaces Gorbachev, is a vodka fan himself. Russia continues to ride the wave with this new leader on the post. The unpolisheds rise out from the ashes of communism allows a thorough look of its economic and social role. In the past, the nation relies upon itself to resolve its internal woes.Without outside influence, Russia continues to deny the growing menace brought by alcoholism. But as it gradually opens up to t he world, evident incidents are being revealed. Due to its transition towards a capitalist state, Russia is now losing control on its newly-introduced freedom. in that location are various concerns that the motherland is now busy about. But with different priorities on the table, it is very likely that the nation can be able to address all concerns in one setting. By American standards, Russian alcohol consumption almost doubles what their former Cold War counterparts actually drink.The average Russian male drinks about four gallons of pure alcohol per year, which amounts to about a pint of vodka every other day. To put it in perspective, this is nearly twice what Americans consume (Alcoholism in Russia, 2002). In the early 21st century, Russia has been known to consume more alcohol than any other rural in the world. It is simply an honor since it reflects the numerous young Russians dying annually of alcohol-related diseases. Many workers in the nation are quick to defend them selves about their indulgence on alcohol. societal drinking is a particular explanation of choice for many.But this kind of reasoning costs millions of dollars in business losses collectible to counter productivity. Numerous workers put one acrosst show up for work for a couple of days or even for a week. Concerns are never express mail within the Russian nation. International groups show interest in lending support to contain alcoholism. However, it is never meant to be easy. Most of the rural areas citizens have a hand on the bottle. It is hard for these people to part with the poison which they have been accustomed to have all their lives. As for the young Russians, everything is a learning experience.Every once in a while, drinks are up for grabs either for killing the time or for bonding with friends. There are numerous angles to swindle the alcoholism in Russia. The solutions may come handy but individuals are very much into the drinking habit. Analysts consider treati ng the disease among the older generation as out of bounds due to the degree of addiction. What most observers are concerned about is the increasing number of alcoholics among the young people. Everybody wants to end the cycle. But the Russians are still very much in the flow of things.And that makes the alcohol hard to prohibit. Most of the citizens want a drink. A drop of vodka can end up with the entire bottle. Even a leader like Yeltsin can be a motivating factor among the people to enjoy the perks of alcoholism. GOVERNMENT ACTION The election of Vladimir Putin to the Russian presidency can be the answer to the alcoholic woes plaguing the motherland. So far in his administration, the government has imposed a heavy appraise on alcoholic beverages. Control over factories which produces alcoholic beverages is currently being sought by the president.The production of vodka and related alcoholic drinks has been limited. But the Russians continue to find sources of these drinks elsew here. However, a new concern soon emerges. Being known throughout the world as a great lover of vodka, no one, not even the national government can prevent a Russian drinker to part with his favorite drink. Numerous citizens acquire impure or otherwise counterfeit alcoholic drinks from all the corners of the nation. With vodka unavailable or limited on the store shelves, individuals are looking for other means to supplement their craving for alcohol in their system.The only set congest is that these alternative alcoholic beverages are considered second grade to the originally produced vodka and beer. The contents of these drinks can be detrimental to the health. The profusion of poor-quality and counterfeit products on our alcohol market is a huge problem, Putin say (Bigg, 2006). But Russian addiction to alcohol continues to prevail nonetheless. A derivative of the old vodka is being sold in the streets and this causes problems not merely to the citizens but to the government as we ll.President Putins government imposes new tax regulations aimed at limiting the production of alcoholic beverages throughout the country. The authorities hoped that the alcohol reform, by slapping a tax on industrial spirits, would curb bootleg vodka production and bring down the number of alcohol-poisoning deaths (Bigg, 2006). This restrictive approach has so far working at least. It controls the factories distilling alcoholic drinks. Many suppliers and producers have been restricted in their capability to bring vodka on a massive scale. The factories know that Russians loved drinking.There is a lot of money to be made in the alcoholic beverage market. But with high taxes, the producers are paying more than what they should be in the past. Income has been hampered altogether and so they choose to limit their production instead. Prior to the implementation of new taxation ordinances, the government taps different economic and social organization to have a hand in the alcoholism pro blem in Russia. Anywhere in the former communist bloc, individuals clutch bottles under their hands. Persons below the legal age are having the time of their lives enjoying the vodka, the beer and the other imported hard liquor.Parents, teachers, relatives and guardians balk at the responsibility of checking the drinking habits of many people. There is hesitation in ending or controlling the consumption of alcohol primarily because drinking is hard to subdue. Enjoying a drink is a common occurrence even from the time of the Tsars and the Bolshevists. Attempts have been made to eradicate it but tradition has it that Russia finds joy in vodka. The availability of alcoholic beverages throughout the Russian nation is a prime cause of excessive drinking. Any way an individual looks, there is a reason to celebrate.Prices prior to the governments restrictive law are affordable. It allows the citizens to acquire no matter how many bottles they can consume. Alcohol is spread out in Russia as a prelude to an impending fiesta celebration of some kind. The drinking habit is perhaps a culture that may never go out of style. Russians like to drink. Whether it is dangerous to their health, it doesnt entirely matter. Various organizations and agencies participate in the governments drive to check Russias dreaded disease. The total elimination of alcoholic brands never crosses the priority list of inspectors and enforcers.What is initially discussed is a method of controlling alcohol consumption among Russians. The whole country knows that it is drinking itself to death. Statistics show an increase of mortality pass judgment caused by alcoholism. Even the world is watching. Everybody is concerned about the health risks in Russia. But the love for the bottle is just too much. Non-profit and non-government organizations launch an investigative program to trace Russias addiction to alcohol. Instead of focusing on the prohibitive measures, another option to tackle the problem is being pursued.The root motivation behind the drinking habits of many Russians is being sought to be acted upon. Historical accounts about the drinking habits of the former Bolshevists country are opened. Living conditions are observed. For things to be helpful to the Russians, cooperation means everything. RECENT HISTORY Russia is in the forefront of the now-defunct Soviet Union. Although the central government controls most of the countrys political and social machineries, the Union States experience progress all throughout. The Soviet empire is a proud federation.Not so long ago, its stature poses to be a threat to international security. With the communist party at the helm, laws and regulations are strictly imposed. Citizens are at the mercy of the State. Statistical figures about alcoholism rates are kept under wraps. The extent of alcohol addiction under communist rule is deceiving. Nobody knows how grave the danger is at that time. The government is cover details since the C old War era is still in effect. All along, the focus is on winning that war. Internal conflicts are ignored or ceased to be addressed.The greatest battle that Russia has undergone is its transition from a communist nation to a capitalist state. The country has been under the red flag for so long that life all over the empire will be disastrous if reforms are pushed. Citizens believe that there is no other way to live in the country but under equal terms, under communist control, that is. When the world prevails against the communists, walls start crumbling down. Berlin signals an end to the era of the mighty Soviet Republics. multitude everywhere in eastern Europe call for democratic shift in government platforms.The demise of communism is only a matter of time. By the time changes are in place, another problem surfaces. Russia and its former communist bloc have trouble starting a capitalist nation. The break from the old tradition is harder than initially perceived. Although help from the United States and other countries come in swiftly, Russia has problems settling a restless population. Internal turmoil besieges the nation as calls for immediate reforms, freedom and a new way of life mounted. Under the communist machinery, Russians are so accustomed to being taken cared of on just everything that they need.Food, shelter and clothing are being supplied by the central government. The only thing missing at that time is freedom. Restrictions are a part of everyday life. When capitalism emerges, Russia felt somewhat addled with all the freedom available. Without total control, chaos soon erupts. Russias transition towards democracy takes time to fully sink in. Political analysts say that adjustment to a new system can be discouraging but definitely a necessity if the country intends to survive. The government drops a number of industries and allows these businesses to be privatized.With a free hand on situations and many other things, many Russians have trou ble providing themselves and their families with their basic needs. Unlike before, people must find a commercial enterprise or something to build upon in order to earn money to survive. But the situation makes it hard for all individuals to get a work primarily because most industries are still starting out. Many companies and factories are managing their costs to stay competitive while trying to attain stability. The political and social upheaval in the post-Cold War Russia turns out to be a miserable experience for many citizens.Jobs are scarce. The government is trying hard to make both ends meet. The entire country is apparently on its own. In response to the anguish and harsh living conditions across Russia, alcohol is the immediate problem reliever. People get numbed after a stretch of drinking and this allows many citizens to simply sleep through with their problems at least for the night. ALCOHOL AS THE ANSWER Vodka is not only a celebratory instrument to be toasted and tre asured in Russian life. Alcoholic drinks are being used by numerous individuals as an escape from hardship.With nought much to offer, the government has no solutions to offer on its peoples plight. Because of this, many Russians seek the comfort of the bottle. Alcohol is a refuge among poor Russians. ingestion is increased to drown the sorrows of the day. Perhaps even the government officials get to drink some vodka to calm their nerves after a nerve-wracking activity at the Politburo. Numerous alcoholic beverages gain immediate acceptance in the mainstream of the society. All over Russia is dealing with birth pains of a capitalist state. Adapting to democratic principles is never easy.The financial market is down. The nation is in ruins. What is once a mighty and proud empire sits atop a sandlot thinking warily about the future. With international assistance and support, Russia overcomes a multitude of depressing turmoil. As it manages to adapt to capitalism, growth and developme nt soon result to progress all throughout the levels of the society. With the nation back on its feet, the country is ready to face new challenges. The demands of its citizens are slowly being addressed one way or the other. By the time Russia pedals with the rest of the world, alcoholism is simply ignored.For many Russians, the risk of drinking a little too many is a common cause for celebration. Deaths caused by alcohol are a common occurrence. It is a different story in Russia. Excessive drinking is a leading cause in mortality among its citizens. As the situation worsens, the government ignores the pleas of the people. As the worldwide and national attention heightens, there is no other way to deal with the incidents but to address the situation. Under President Putin, regulative measures are implemented. Factories limit their production on alcoholic beverages. Russians are finding it extremely hard to grab an alcoholic drink.No matter how strict government laws are, citizens s till manage to squeeze in a bottle or two for a nights consumption. The drinking habits among Russians just keep getting better. sure-enough(a) folks consume alcohol more than their usual limits. It brings up a negative example for the younger generation to follow. The young people pick up their habits as well from the older population. It is no wonder that teenagers as young as thirteen or fourteen are gaining addiction to alcohol. In a country renowned for hard drinking, most people arent surprised to hear that 42,000 people die from counterfeit alcohol in Russia each year (Nicholson, 2006).Russians are resourceful enough to find alternative sources. If the government is firm in its stance to paralyze the alcohol industry, the citizens are quick to scout the area for potential sources of vodka, beer and other alcoholic drinks. The only danger is the contents of these alternative beverages. Perfumes, aftershave, cleaning liquids and other fluids have been passed off by counterfeit ers as vodka for decades, and have long been on the drinks list of Russias more desperate alcoholics (Nicholson, 2006).Being counterfeit, the risk of vodka being impure is a hundred folds higher that the original. This can be an added cause of deaths among Russian drinkers. It is not alcohol consumption alone that is in question. Compounding the problem is the cheap price tag carried by a bottle of fake liquor (Bigg, 2006). CONCLUSION Whether the mortality rate has been increased by excessive alcohol consumption or counterfeit patronization, many Russian groups are convinced that finding the solution to the alcoholic situation in Russia is merely another political ploy.Numerous organizations are very much aware of the governments takeover of important industries such as oil and gas in the nation. Party groups believe that the administration is seeking to include the alcohol industry under its control. Heating up the already complicated alcohol consumption among citizens is one reaso n enough to revitalize the governments claim. However, with or without political hitches, alcoholism in Russia is a serious problem. People must treat the situation not merely as part of a tradition or just a common celebration. Persons are dying.Alcohol in excess is deadly. If Russian lives are to be saved, the government must seek the cooperation of its people in order to address this national concern. REFERENCES Bigg, C.. Russia Alcohol Reform deuced for Outbreak of Poisonings. RadioFreeEurope. (2006, Oct. 30). Retrieved November 15, 2007 from http//www. rferl. org/featuresarticle/2006/10/67164cf3-a58d-4a76-aae0-e4f64e992f9b. html Eke, S.. Fake Russian Alcohol Kills Many. BBC News. (2006, June 23). Retrieved November 15, 2007 from http//news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/europe/5111762. stmNicholson, A.. Alcohol Deaths Spark Debate in Russia. Boston. Com. (2006, Nov. 4). Retrieved November 15, 2007 from http//www. boston. com/news/world/europe/articles/2006/11/04/alcohol_deaths_spark_debat e_in_russia/ Warren, M.. Lone Crusader Fights Russias Alcohol Problem. Telegraph. Co. UK. (2001, June 19). Retrieved November 15, 2007 from http//www. telegraph. co. uk/news/main. jhtml? xml=/news/2001/02/03/wrus03. xml Alcoholism in Russia. Everything2. (2002, October 22). Retrieved November 15, 2007 from http//everything2. com/index. pl? node_id=1380040

Motivation and Tourism

As it is a human right to have a holiday, this report disc the motivating reasons and the appeal factors why muckle choose their touring car destination. The report will number one with definitions of tourism and motivation, followed buy a few theories of motivation, and ending with a conclusion. Theses theories be relating to the crusade of individual/s to embark on a holiday, and the pull of the tourist destination.Definitions According to the UK Tourism Society and cited in the BTEC National jaunt and Tourism book, by Elise James, Joanne Thirloutside and Ursula Woodhouse. (2007, pg3) Their defection of tourism is as follows. The temporary, short-term movement of people to destinations bulge outside the manoeuvres where they normally live and work, and their activities during their stay at these destinations. Motivation as defined in the in the book Tourism Principles and Practices. By Cooper, Fletcher, Gilbert, Shepherd and Wanhill, 2nd edition. (1998, pg32) Is Derives from the word motivate, which is to course a person to act in a certain way, or to stimulate interest.Definitions of Tourism and MotivationTherere as many unlike types of holidays and tourists destinations, as there argon people. Personality traits have a lot to account for in the decision making process, of where we choose to go on holiday. Mr Stanley Plog in 1974 (Holloway sixth ed, 2002) developed a theory, which classified the general US public into two desictive groups. Psycho-centric A tourist that is much concerned with himself or herself, more than often is anxious about the tribute of travelling. They enjoy a resort or group package style holiday. Would more than the likely be a return visitor for the comfort of familiarity. caseful of this would be a Packaged style holiday to Spain. Were the tourist has purchased the transport and accommodation as one product. AllocentricA tourist that seeks excitement, novelty, and mostly likes being out of his or hers comfort zone. They would have no qualms of travelling alone to or from a destination by them selves, or stay outside the resort or hotel environment. Examples of this would be a backpacker, staying at a hostel in Budapest. Not only is it a non-English speaking country, it is also out side of the European Union. make it more exciting to the true allocentric.As this is only a theory, one cannot just place every body into two boxes. So of course in practice, holidaymakers fall roundwhere in between these to extreme examples as mid-centric. Plogs theories are also discusses in Tourism Principles and Practices (Cooper et al, 1998 pg35) they suggest his theories are hard to moderate inside the tourist industry. Tourist will travel with different motivations on different occasions.They also follow on to suggest, that out of these individuals that gravitate more towards the psycho-centric are of a lower incomes. This in turn would limit the style or type of holiday they would go on. There motivations wouldnt be different just the tourist destination. It would just mean that having a domestic holiday would be more appealing to save money. The family qualification opt for a low-key holiday like going camping in the Lake District, or to a Butlins seaside resort.Incomes are one of the major factors in deciding where to travel. As we have briefly discussed a budget holiday and Plogs theories. He would suggest that on the separate side of the scale tourists with more expendable funds would certainly have different destinations in mind. But with money comes affordability, witch fashion and trends are a by-product of. Just like keeping up with the latest cloths fashions, is the appeal of some destination. This would be the chase, and not wanting to stereotype here. But for or the young generation there will always be the seduction of the four Ss. This will most definitely appeal to most 18 to 35, which are looking to partake in an atmosphere that is more carefree. Escaping to destina tions that are away from the belief in their local environment. This trend will pull tourist to places like Ibiza, which offers sun, sea, sand and sex.But like all cloths they go out of fashion and tastes change. As Holloway says, that all products, including tourism will experience a conduct cycle of growth, maturity, saturation and eventually decline. Being young is just one place in the Cycle of Life. It is human nature to evolve, to grow in all areas of life and seek better things. Wells and Gubar (1966) (TPP 2nded Cooper et al pg 41 1998) cauterised the life cycle of families in the USA, from bachelor to retired stage as seen in the graph. (Figure 3) What was appealing to a young person will certainly change when one has more obligations, to their employer and maybe their family. They theorize that as an individual moves through the life cycle there inevitably and wants as a tourist will change.The tourist motivations are the psychological needs they are not the essential needs of survival. In explaining these need better Abraham Maslow (1966), came up with a hierarchy of needs. (See Figure 1) The graph shows that if more of the Basic and Safety needs are achieved. Well then move on to more Social, Esteem, and Self-actualisation needs. These needs are for well being, such as the need to relax, to have fun and to be in love. The need maybe is to escape their daily route, or to have sought better weather.These are like the push factors or the motivators, to take the time to have a holiday. Figure 4 shows a range of other motivators for overseas travels from the UK. As explained in Holloways book (Holloway 6th ed 2002) these Push Factors are the General Motivators that arise out of our individual perception, of what will satisfy our needs. He also talks about general motivators as a broad reason to travel, and is the start of the decision making process. Examples of this would be someone seeks change, maybe from urban environment. They mite looking at g oing away to the rural setting, perhaps a weekend in the Cotswolds, (See Figure 5) or vice versa.Holloway also follows to say that along with General there is a particularised motivation to travel. The consumer has, in some way got a perception of the destination in mind, will meet their specific needs. The destination in mind might have health befits to the tourist. The attractor to Bath spa might just be, to have a day of relaxation to rest the body in the impregnable water. The tourist enjoys Broadway musical, so a trip to Londons West end it could be (See Figure 6). Or there is a certain attraction thats pulling yourself or maybe your family.Like a trip to Disneyland, were the attraction is the destination. Places like these are very convenient, as the accommodation is nearby or on site of the attraction. May be it the mode of transport that has your attention, like a train trip on the Glacier Express? What ever the motivation there is a process to explain it, and it is lustr ated in this simple flow cart. (See Figure 4) The chart briefly out lines the consumers needs, the attraction of the destination, then ending motivation.Conclusion Just start off by saying that yes it is a human right to travel, and have time off from work. But being a tourist to some people is a luxury they just cant afford. There is always going to be two most important factors of be coming a tourist, thats time and money. If either one of these two things is lacking, it makes it very difficult to involve in any tourist activity. But in saying that one doesnt need to travel far to become a tourist in ones own country. Looking back at plogs theory, It would suggest that one is more allocentric domestically, than international.The motivations in relation to travel is very diverse, the push to go on holiday is always going to exist. Its the biggest industry in the world customer and consumers are only going to increase. The pull of the destination will change as we all move trough ou r lives. Our life choices, our attitudes, and the perceptions of other destinations will change. Through the media and other people infusions, will shape the type of holidays we choose. The appeal in going to a certain destinations is forever going to up to the individual. And just like the emancipation of rest and leisure, we have a freedom of choice.

Loss of Innocence in The Catcher in the Rye Essay

Holden Caulfield, the protagonist in The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger is a complex young man, filled with many observations about the world around him. Most of his comments tend to be negative and judgmental however he appears much more enthusiastic and about his younger siblings, and even his past. Events and situations that occurred, both in his past and over the course of the novel, show signs of Holdens affection for artlessness. Children excessively allow Holden to appreciate the need for a more positive place in his struggle through depression.Lastly, objects and places that have an impact on Holdens attitude and positivity, symbolize the purity of youth. Although Holden maintains a fairly negative state of mind throughout the novel, he always becomes uplifted by the mention or depot of innocence, something that he deeply cherishes and attempts to preserve in this murky world that he finds himself trapped in. Events, both in the past and present, can bring innocenc e tooshie into Holdens thought path, causing him to feel an array of emotions.One of the most influential events that happened in Holdens past was the death of his brother, and it has definitely taken a piece of Holdens innocence. Allies death had a tremendous impact on Holdens life, and it is one of the main causes of his depression I slept in the service department the night he died, and I broke all the goddam windows with my fist, just for the hell of it. It was a very stupid thing to do, Ill admit, but I hardly didnt even know I was doing it, and you didnt know Allie (Salinger 50). Although Allie is rarely mentioned in this novel, his death had a huge impact on Holden.The innocence of his younger brother had been lost with leukemia, which deeply saddened Holden. A plot event that also affected Holdens innocence was the date that Stradlater and Jane went on. Holden knew about Stradlaters nature with the girls that he dated, and he was very frustrated that Ward was about to go o n a date with Jane, and old friend from Holdens past. Holdens impoverished connection with Jane was being destroyed by Stradlaters motives, and he wished he could have preserved the innocence of his old friend.The protagonists outburst to this discharge of innocence was the event that lead to his premature journey out into the night, and the whole situation helped to spark the negativity that was being presented over the course the three days. Children always bring happiness and innocence to the main character, because they allow him to formulate meaningful memories, and to appreciate the innocence that they provide. Holden imagined a world of purity and innocence, and he wished he could induce such a thing Anyway, I keep picturing all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye whisky and all.Thousands of little kids, and nobodys around nobody big, I mean except me. And Im standing on the edge of some loopy cliff. What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff I mean if theyre running and they dont look where theyre going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them (Salinger 224). This brighter world that Holden imagined brought his spirits up tremendously, and allowed him to take his mind forth of his current depression. Holdens younger sister, Phoebe, was a child who possessed both innocence and maturity.She was a very important person in Holdens life, because the aviation of innocence that she gave off deeply affected her brother. He loved his sister not only because he had the obligation to love his family, but because she was the best lesson of innocence in Holdens life. Objects and places that Holden came across in this novel also showed signs and pieces of innocence, and Holden greatly appreciated them. Allies baseball mitt was a symbol with organic ties to innocence, because they allowed Holden to happily reminisce about his deceased brother.The museum is another thing that symbolizes the inevitability that is presented by the loss of innocence The best thing, though, in that museum was that everything always stayed right where it was. nixd moveThe only thing that would be different would be you (Salinger 158). The Museum of Natural History symbolized Holdens fear of changing or growing up, mentioning that there was always something different about him every time he went there. His analysis of the museum represented his desire to hold on to his own innocence, and to prevent changes that could cause its loss.Anything having to do with youth and innocence, whether it is a person, object, or event, has a very deep meaning for Holden Caulfield, and it even briefly uplifts his emotions. Salinger shows love through the innocence that was portrayed in versatile things throughout the novel, and he uses Holden as the ultimate symbol of love and innocence, which is slowly being whisked away by the inevitable process of the loss of this purity. For Holden, innocence hold s the refer to a brighter world, and Holden refuses to be victimized by the loss of innocence as he journeys through the city that refuses to sleep.

Oil and Economic Change in Texas

Oil and Economic Change in Texas Oil and Economic Change, 1890 1945 History 226 Fall 2012 14 I. Connections a. Memory i. Texans were more innovative and wanting to speck the march into the west. ii. Memory changes from southern memory to Alamo Texas revolution. 1. 1890-1945 attitude changed as Texas Economy grew b. Politics iii. Often been the case that politics either helps or hurts economic iv. Doesnt build a federal political sympathies to actively enforce the 13th, 14th amendments. v. One of the reasons for astounding growth of Houston federal investment.More willing to go to federal government or state government. vi. Government helps to make a more rational government c. The Beyond vii. Texas influenced by lower south as it moves toward succession. 2. Drug in by succession viii. Economic 3. Markets in Europe cotton 4. Inventions of machines empowered by Petroleum 5. Had there been no market, there would be no cover boom. a. Connections with all of these points. b. All par t of the same puzzle 6. Connections between economic things and other prominent features. d. Slight decline in island communities ix.Going to the store, using the railroads through window pane x. Economic change had an effect on social change. 7. Parts of history, parts of transformation process II. Extension of the Market e. Transportation and communication xi. Revolution in the 1840s 8. Extensive railroad construction and Texas has telegraph, radio and telephone. f. Money and banking xii. Technology of railroads and communications xiii. Texas after the civil war was land rich but cash poor. xiv. Flow of capital was investments. 9. Became easier, had the creation of a better money and banking system g.Consumer demand and supply xv. Someone has to work the system of supply and demand for crude oil. xvi. output signal of cotton much demands h. Texas was a place that had a relatively innovative banking system. xvii. Reinvest earnings into local banking economy. i. Economic Coloni alism? xviii. People who control the money and control caprice have an ordinant control over prices of transportation and colonialism. 10. Large corporations milked Texas 11. Texas was able to react to economic colonialism c. Texans in banking out of state banks could not do business in the state of Texas. i.Only Texas banks so money made in banking remained in Texas 12. xix. Making oil and leaving cake on expect car. 13. Put oil onto stock market. 14. Market becomes more sophisticated as money and banking increase xx. Same is true of consumer demand and supply 15. Cash only scores xxi. Modern consumer spot specialize in one or two things and buy what you need j. Greater stratigation maybe we can make it up in land proprietor level. xxii. Poor got poor and the rich got richer xxiii. More people able to listen to radio and predict where cotton prices could go and what they could do.III. Role of the government and emerging finish k. Financing of Transportation and communication xxiv. Reason that Texas had a higher educational rating. xxv. Still have examples of public or private xxvi. Investment in stem was important xxvii. Railroads paid for by public. 16. Periodically engaged in railroad magnification 17. On some level even though some didnt make money. Texas as a whole made money. 18. Expands beyond simply growing cotton. uses train. 19. Concentration in Fort Worth. d. Huge and efficient stock yards. e. causative for a big business like the shipyards became l.Regulation East Texas Field xxviii. Dependable price for the freight that was brought in 20. Periodically engaged in railroad expansion 21. Over time railroad expansion expanded its duties 22. Huge pool that suddenly entered a market where the world had already entered the great depression 23. send east texas rangers into the rangers field to shut off price of petroleum. 24. Texas Railroad Commission f. Government was effective for the success of the field of the Texas Economy m. Education xxi x. Still have examples of public or private xx. Investment in infrastructure was important xxxi. Through 1945 there is a steady expansion by private schools, donors and universities. 25. Anti-colonialism xxxii. Texas Anti-monopoly rightfulness there was a great fear of standard oil. Fear of monopolized xxxiii. State attorney general aggressively applied n. Anti-colonialism xxxiv. Tired levels of education that we had never had sooner 26. High rate of return on investment xxxv. Opportunity for investment and income IV. Oil and the Multiplier Effect o. Corsicana and Spindletop xxxvi. 850s-60s, 70s there wasnt a lot of use for it. 27. Wasnt until 1895 there was a significant field of oil. xxxvii. At first they didnt know what to do with it but soon give-and-take got out and it began to be sold as fuel oil. 28. Instead of wasting a third of it in an oil field. 29. Well drill every salt owned in p. Connections, markets and government xxxviii. West Texas to East Texas xxxix. Ira and Anne Yates 30. Government provides ways for oil drillers. 31. Texas by 1945 was the number one producer of petroleum in the world. q. intricacy 1920 to 1945 xl.By 1945 Texas was number one producer in the world. 32. Geology and demands of drilling in Texas were particular in Texas 33. Houston in particular became sinners of not just petroleum companies. g. Expansion of petroleum possible. ii. Drilling, bowls, pike, storage facilities r. Industrialization and urbanisation xli. Multiplier of more high tech, high skilled jobs. xlii. Goes into things like building big buildings and banks 34. Multiplier effect encourages industrialization and urbanization h. Hold autumn in your hand iii.Heor has an option of being a sharecropper 1. Spin off or multiplier effect. iv. Industrial effect. 2. The world is kinda different in terms of opportunity V. The Rise and Fall of King Cotton s. Blackland Praries xliii. Cotton expands more and more produce cotton. 35. Cotton was more sophisticated t. Connections, markets and government xliv. People who had the money owned it and made the money u. Cotton firms like Anderson Clayton xlv. By 1960 it was the worlds biggest cotton company 36. Perfected how to buy cotton as cheaply as possible i.How to sell cotton as cheaply as possible v. Doesnt matter whether it is a nickel a exhaust or a dollar a pound. 37. Smart and understood the market v. Mechanization xlvi. Disrupted by the Great Depression 38. Price of Cotton is so low that the federal government acts to slow production. 39. Land owners take money, invest in machinery, education, better strains of cotton. j. Bulk of population, cotton no longer grown. k. Peak anchorage of the late 1920s w. Cotton holiday of 1930 xlvii. Only 2% of the population xlviii. Economic change of a transformed society 40. After 1945 x. New recognise

Global economy: trading blows Essay

There has been diplomacy subtle between the US treasury and China over the Chinas switch rate. The issue has dominated the relationship of the two largest economies that would determine and shape the future of the world economy. US has however received occasional support from Europe and other(a) selected emerging markets. The bitterness is that, the Chinese currency insurance policy unbalances the world economy and disadvantages the unusual companies.This has ca mappingd the white house to face challenges in the management of its trade and enthronisation relationship with Beijing as it has been evident in the way the American businesses are discontented and fuelled by incidents such as the Google China censorship spat. US is however frustrated by the fact that it lacks the instruments to conduct the international trade policy in the modern economy. The tools it has are inadequate to cope with the interlocking meshing that China has used to distort the global trade and investm ent patterns whereby it uses state-sponsored policies.The US has in the past used old fashioned architecture of the trade policy of a metal bashing economy that is predictable as it focus on the exchange rate on its manufacturers competing head on with Chinese companies in the American market. Though America has trade defense instruments like the antidumping, countervailing duty and safeguard measures , Chinese imports have not been stopped as evident September give out year when one such tool was used provoking a storm of protest from free-traders.When China joined the WTO, US and Europe have got to use a lot of efforts to tame Chinas dominance in the global market. so far China has experienced growth as it becomes increasigingly interested in locating production locally and selling services like the telecommunications, information Technology and media under the rubric of its indigenous innovation policy. China has successful tame the influence of US in its economy by claiming th at she is modernizing her economy while it ascend the value of chain and ease way from dependence on foreign companies for investment and technology.Procurement is used to favor Chinese companies through idiosyncratic technical standards like the homegrown wireless technology which deny licensing to more acquainted(predicate) international standards. This has made the foreign business representatives criticize the policy publicly claiming that they are less and less welcomed in china. The menu of options available to mitigate such problem is limited. The most obvious is the litigation at the WTO. This option is one of the attractive ones that has made Beijing accepts the normal part of trade relations, not a declaration of war.It has drawback from the issue like IPR after it lost a case on the enforcement of IPR. On the issue of revaluing renminbi that is allowing its currency to increase, China has made a rough step of abandoning its currency peg to the US dollar and adopting a m ore flexible exchange rate policy. This decision would temporarily cause international review article as evident at the Canadian G20 summit that almost turned into a bash-China session before Beijing announced that that it was changing the policy.The US boldness however notched that this was a victory for behind the scenes diplomacy as there was the risk that the currency dispute that would descend to into a trade war. This dispute had now been solved, the Obama administration claimed The economic impact of the policy has however been limited as renminbi has only appreciated by 0. 3 percent. Chinese officials have govern out any significant increase in the value of currency given that there is a decline in the current account surplus.However there is some element of politics and Beijing is desperate to head off an impression that it is giving into the foreign pressure as well as avoid a revive criticism by the US that she is gaming the trading system due to a foreseeable slow app reciation of the Chinese fade against the US dollar. References Alan Beatie. (2010, July5). Global Economy Trading Blows. Financial Times 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2010 from

Self-Actualization

Running Head SELF-ACTUALIZATION Self-Actualization Destini Bridgeman Kaplan College Instructor Brewer Self-actualization is a part of our nature that helps us to buzz off better people, by expanding our creativity, and making our experiences much more intense. It is usual for us to hear someone label that, I quit. I gagenot do this anymore. Some people do so because they ar tired of what they atomic number 18 doing, and others whitethorn just give up on their dreams because of their own personality problem. It is not a heavy or healthy thing to do because in the end, people may regret for what they decided to do.They may feel unhappy or even depressed. As we can see, in the daily life we argon living in, people always give up on their dreams very easily because of sundry(a) problems much(prenominal) as not returning self-actualization or in their streams of consciousness. A famous psychologist Abraham Maslow has a theory which is wide accepted by people. According to Maslo w, basic needs must be satisfied before we can focus on those that are more abstract (Interpersonal Communication Everyday Encounters, 2010).Maslow came up with a profit that shows people have different levels of needs. Some of them are basic, and some are at a high level. Our behavior of chasing the dreams can be understood. Maslow believed in the theory of self-actualization. He was convinced that humans are open(a) of achieving high levels of intellectual and emotional existence, and he believed in human potential (Self-Actualization, 11/08/2010). Maslows pyramid, a five-tiered structure, (Figure 1) represents a summary of this theory.Maslow states that in order for one to focus their attention on the ultimate refinement at the apex of the pyramid, self-actualization, and one must first fulfill the needs at the subordinate levels. At the lowest level of the chart are the physiological needs, followed by the need for safety, the belongingness and love needs, the esteem needs, and finally culminating in self-actualization. The state of consciousness has no simple, agreed-upon definition. Rene Descartes, a French philosopher asked Is the mind, or consciousness, independent of matter?Is consciousness extended (physical) or unextended (nonphysical)? Is consciousness determinative, or is it determined (Webb, 2002)? Freud believed consciousness was unextended, and that a large spate of our brain operates completely out of conscious sentience Sigmund Freuds theories on consciousness and unconscious awareness are being a counter theory to reaching self- actualizations. Freud looked for personality in the details much(prenominal) as the meanings and insights revealed by careful analysis of the tiniest aspects of a persons thought and behavior.Freud made a strong distinction between the conscious and unconscious mind. Freud believes we can bring unconscious to conscious. He wonderful three different levels of mental life conscious, preconscious, and unconscio us. . People must deal with unconscious desires only if alike memories we put there. Freud assumed that insight into the unconscious can never be gained directly, however, because conscious self-reports could never tip the cloaked and censored depths of the unconscious. According to Freud, the unconscious is the part of the mind that operates outside of the conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions. Freuds opinion is we can only reach self- actualization when we deal with unconsciousness. Freud believed that for us to reach self-actualization, we must deal with our unconscious. However, certain factors stood in our way. Defense mechanisms were used to repress unwanted desires, impulse, and memories in the unconscious mind.Freud proposed that the mind consists of three independent, interacting, and often conflicting systems. They are the ID, the Ego, and the aceego. As follows ID, which is part of the mind containing the drives present at birth and is the source of bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses Ego which enables us to deal with lifes practical demands and the Super Ego, which is the mental system that reflects the internalization of the cultural rules (Psychology 2009). The id is the great reservoir of the libido, from which the ego seeks to distinguish itself through various mechanisms of repression (Modules on Freud II On the unconscious 2002). No matter how self-actualization is reached, the end result is still the same. ostracize past experiences and unwanted desires are dealt with first. Peak experiences can only occur when other needs are met. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (Figure 1)References Gilbert, D. . Schacter, D. , Wegner, D. , Psychology. New York, NY. Woods, C. 2009. Viewed 11/08/2010. Modules on Freud II On the Unconscious. July 2002. Viewed 11/15/2010. http//www. cla. purdue. edu/academic/engl/theory/psychoanalysis/freud2. html Self- Actualization. Wilkipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. Viewed 11/0 8/2010. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Self-actualization Webb, W. (2010) States of Consciousness. Viewed 11/08/2010. http//web. ebscohost. com. kaplan. uah. edu/ehost/delivery? vid=4&hid=17&sid=fcf6a1ba-8cd7-40e7-a846-fab63a3816fb%40sessionmgr10 Wood, J. Interpersonal Communication Everyday Encounters. Boston, MA, Lyn Uhl. 2010 Viewed 11/08/2010.

Globalisation and environmental sustainability Essay

A spherical community is marked by new technologically integrated local and outside(a) relations which encourage the playing atomic number 18a of the effects of planetaryization and as well as inter rural areaalisation of various disciplines in a night club which ar involved in social interactions. This interactions may be locally base or may involve international relations some of which present a close relationship to policy-making philosophy, international economies, conflict analysis, international laws and policies as well as sociology. globalisation makes the world more productive and stable. In the past few decades, the global economy has depart increasingly interconnected and integrated. This integration is quite limpid in the international foodstuffs and it has been on a steady increase since the seventeenth century although in the blend in few years, globalisation has undergvirtuoso revolution which has given rise to many a(prenominal) controversial iss ues regarding its effects and doctors on the larger global society (Lindert, Williamson 2001).Some researches have indicated that in the last two decades or so, the increased integration in the global markets has resulted in greater inequality in the way income is distributed among nations around the world. In joining to this, Bourguignon and Morrisson (2000) have also observed that combining inequality within and across countries has brought a square rise in the global inequality since 1960 thus making the already poor countries poorer duration the plentiful countries thump richer through globalisation.Globalisation invokes to the way in which nations increasingly change state interconnected with one other in terms of economic, political, technological, social and cultural nerves. More often than not, the word globalisation is single-valued functiond to refer to the economic aspect of a nation. Economic globalisation describes the integration of national economies into the international economies via switch, migrations, international market working capital flows, foreign investments and increased use of technology.The increasing rate of globalisation as has been experienced in the past two decades or so has take to rapid growth of global trade, financial capital flows, direct foreign investments and cross border trade transactions (Johnston, Taylor, Watts 2002). The major facilitators of this growth include alter transport and communication infrastructure, improved technological know-how, quicker methods of telecommunication and internet services. In increaseition to this, globalisation has been favoured by removal of trade barriers and policies across nations which previously inhibited international trade among nations.This has now liberalised trade and encouraged more export and import transactions which promote globalisation. The establishment of international trade organisations such as world bank, IMF and WTO have also played a signifi b ehindt role in facilitating globalisation as they are devoted to promoting trade and investment across nations worldwide. The result of this kind of globalised trade is front of multinational companies (MNCs) whose budgets exceed those of the economies of many nations in which they are situated (Atkison 1999).Globalisation and sustainability. In the recent years, many controversies have emanated from the issue of globalisation. It is now seen an unnecessary evil which is threatening the social and environmental sustainability of the global societies. Globalisation is viewed by some plenty as an opportunity for national and international economic growth while others feel that it is a threat to economic prosperity, political sovereignty and cultural integrity (Jussilla, Cullen 2002).People in developed countries are particularly concerned with the fact that globalisation poses a threat to unpaid workers who are bound to be left jobless with the increased technological methods of pr oduction in the contracting industries. On the other hand, the developing nations are mostly concerned about the loss of political powers and sovereignty as well as loss of economic prosperity which is bound to be brought about by globalisation. match to Bhalla (2002) the whole concept of globalisation is surrounded by ideological issues both positive and disconfirming which in the long run affect the people or societies in the globalised world. , the controversial aspect of globalisation can not be easily resolved. Globalisation and environmental sustainability. Environmental sustainability refers to the aspect of addressing the needs of the current global societies fully while being cautious not to compromise the needs of the societies which are to come,that is, future generations. concord Heinberg (2005), globalisation has directly or indirectly led to several environmental issues such as global warming, increased deforestation, depletion of the ozone horizontal surface, destru ction of water catchment areas, biodiversity, most natural resources have reached or are nearing depletion levels, pollution of water, personal line of credit and the entire environment among others. For instance, globalisation has enabled MNCs to invest in countries which have few or no environmental conservation by-laws and this results in high environmental degradation as well as depletion of natural resources.However, the WTO in response to this effect has argued that the large amounts of income or capital flows earned from globalisation are capable of provide for the environmental degradation and this is bound to improve the quality of the environment to even higher standards that it were in before. In addition, globalisation has led to increased industrialization all over the globe and this has resulted in the much dreaded effects of depletion of the ozone storey and global warming. Global warming comes as a result of release of industrial pollutants from the manufacturing industries into the environment.Such pollutants include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxides of sulphur and so forth. The effects of global warming are quite evident all over the globe as they have led to diverse changes in weather and climate resulting in drought and famines in some parts of the world among other effects. The depletion of the ozone layer occurs as a result of release of chemicals such as freons and fluorocarbons in to the air which react with ozone layer hence thinning it (Bellow 2001). However,there are several positive effects of globalisation in relation to environmental sustainability.Precisely, globalisation has led to improved methods of energy utilisation, substitution of resources especially those occurring naturally, innovation of metal recovery and bodily recycling methods, dematerialisation of resources among other positive practices (Eiezen, Maxine 2006). Globalisation has particularly been putting great emphases on dematerialisation and this has h elped industries to improve their strength in production, minimise and manage their waste production and cut back the production costs through use of cheap systematic procedures.In addition, the use of improved technological methods has made companies to adopt newer and more streamlined methods of energy utilisation and as a result, the energy requirements in industrialized countries have substantially reduced in the recent years. Moreover, many non-renewable energy resources have been substituted with renewable sources of energy and this has greatly reduced the luck of depletion of such resources in the near future.Although the improved technology has great positive effects on the environmental sustainability, globalisation is negatively associated with the exportation and use of technologies and activities that can have detrimental effects on the environment. all in all these environmental effects of globalisation have either a direct or an indirect impact on the global societ ies. Lack of clean water for instance is a negative effect which is probably to cause diseases and suffering to the larger population.On the other hand, improved energy efficiency, advanced technology and industrialisation translates a greater advantage to the people living in the globalised world in terms of break off quality consumer products, free exchange of goods, capital and services between nations among others. Globalisation and social sustainability. On the aspect of social sustainability, globalisation plays a very important role in terms of improving or lowering the social status of the people living in globalised world.Experts have argued that globalisation tends to impose a greater disadvantage to the poor countries while at the same time it favours the already developed nations (Bellow 2001). They add that although globalisation is believed to favour free trade among nations, it lead to much inequality between the developed and the under developed countries since the developing countries are unable to compete favourably with the developed countries in the international markets (Agyeman, Bullar, Evans 2003).In addition, the increased use of technology is bound to render many people jobless especially the unskilled workers, since most of the work which was previously do manually by the people is now easily done by machines. This reflects negatively on the society especially in the poorer countries since when people do not get jobs to do, they are likely to suffer from starvation, poor health, illiteracy among other social problems (Walker 2005). On the positive side, globalisation allows free movement of people across nations as they trade and this has promoted cultural diversity, intermarriages, tourism and so forth.This has except promoted peace,understanding and unity between individuals as well as nations. It is thus clear that globalisation has some faultfinding impacts on the social lives of individuals an groups living in the industrial ised countries. Identities and powers based on globalisation and sustainability. The last one decade or so has presented a turbulent phase for the global societies marked by globalisation and resurgence in the identity politics or religion based politics.Globalisation being a operation of ongoing capitalism-industrialisation has had some adverse effects on the poor strata of the society. According to Heiberg (2005), the nature of globalisation is contradictory in that it divides the world as much as it unites it. Movements fundamental to globalisation are based on empathy, ideology and identities. The lives of people living in global societies are largely shaped by conflicting trends of globalisation and identity and current events in the world indicate that community identities are jeopardize by the forces of globalisation.One effect of globalisation on the societal political structure is the emergence of collectivized states which came into being in the mid-20th century usherin g in the beginning of an industrial society. The intensified rate of globalisation has led to a rise of America as a lone super-power in the world, decline of the power and representation exercised by the United Nations, decline in the amount of Non-Aligned movement, a rise in Fascist-fundamentalist politics among countries and change state of the problems experienced by the poor in the society.While globalisation is believed to result in a participatory world economy, the political democracy system in the world is stifled in form of castration of the potential world government. As the national economies become more and more globalised, the world political powers become more and more centralised into one or a few nations of the world. This power monopoly is a negative effect of globalisation as it leads to a decline in democratic norms and projection of identity politics. personal identity politics involve competition over scarce resources which could in principle be taken to b aseborn struggle for political power or economic wealth resources.This kind of competition seems to favour just the rich and mighty residing in the wealthy and powerful countries leading to a form of discrimination. As a result, globalisation makes the people in rich countries continue becoming richer as those in poor countries become more poor by the day. In this case it is clear that although globalisation is capable of empowering a nation both economically and politically, the power distribution is unequal and this puts some nations at a higher political power advantage than others.Conclusion. Beyond doubt, globalisation has led to significant increase in per capita income of different nations which have fully accepted this process and applied effectively the technological advancements which come with it. It can however be seen that, globalisation has pushed most developing or Third world countries along the path of diminishing sustainability and this has not in any way been imp roved by the recent regulations made in the globalisation processes.For instance, the deregulating of global trade in the recent past has led to a decrease in the environmental and social-cultural constraints associated with globalisation but this kind of deregulation has failed to address the issues of sustainability. In conclusion, it is clear that the current globalisation process is quite unsustainable but with a few policies to govern it properly, the process is capable of bringing much victor in the long run to all nations world wide as well as to people as individuals in the globalised world.Reference. Atkinson, G., Dubourg, R. , Hamilton, K. , Munasinghe, M. , Pearce D. , 1999. Measuring sustainable development. UK Edward Elgar Publishers. Agyeman, J. , Bullard, R. D. , Evans, B. , (eds. ). 2003. Sustainability Development in an Unequal World, London Earthscan. Bello, W. F. 2001. The Future in the Balance Essays on Globalization and Resistance. Oakland, Calif Food First Bo oks. Bhalla, A. S. 2002. Globalisation and Sustainable Development A Southern African Perspective, International Journal of Technology Management & Sustainable Development, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 40-57.